Inspired by shape‐morphing organisms in nature, researchers have developed various
hydrogels with stimuli‐responsive swelling, shrinking, bending, folding, origami, rolling …

Learning is traditionally studied in biological or computational systems. The power of
learning frameworks in solving hard inverse problems provides an appealing case for the …

Physical hydrogels from existing polymers consisting of noncovalent interacting networks
are highly desired due to their well‐controlled compositions and environmental friendliness; …

As a promising actuating material, liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) has been intensively
explored in building diverse active structures and devices. Recently, direct ink writing …

Abstract 3D printing has emerged as a pivotal fabrication technique for preparing scaffolds
for engineering tissues and tissue models. Among different 3D printing platforms, photo …

Chiral plasmonic nanomaterials with distinctive circularly polarized light‐dependent optical
responses over a broad range of frequency have great potential for photonic and biomedical …

Polymer hydrogels exhibit actuation properties that result in reversible shape
transformations and have promising applications in soft robotics, drug delivery systems …

Programmable mechanically active materials (MAMs) are defined as materials that can
sense and transduce external stimuli into mechanical outputs or conversely that can detect …

Formation of graded biomaterials to render shape-morphing scaffolds for 4D biofabrication
holds great promise in fabrication of complex structures and the recapitulation of critical …

Programming 2D sheets to form 3D shapes is significant for flexible electronics, soft robots,
and biomedical devices. Stress regulation is one of the most used methods, during which …