Despite enormous progress in understanding the fundamentals of bacterial gene regulation,
our knowledge remains limited when compared with the number of bacterial genomes and …

Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

The conventional view of transcription posits that mRNAs are generated from the coding
DNA strand and are delineated by gene boundaries; however, recent reports have mapped …

mRNA degradation is an important mechanism for controlling gene expression in bacterial
cells. This process involves the orderly action of a battery of cellular endonucleases and …

Background High-throughput sequencing of cDNA libraries (RNA-Seq) has proven to be a
highly effective approach for studying bacterial transcriptomes. A central challenge in …

Gene expression in plastids of higher plants is dependent on two different transcription
machineries, a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative environmental and human opportunistic
pathogen highly adapted to many different environmental conditions. It can cause a wide …

Nucleotide signaling networks are key to facilitate alterations in gene expression, protein
function, and enzyme activity in response to diverse stimuli. Cyclic di-adenosine …

The second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) controls diverse cellular processes
among bacteria. Diguanylate cyclases synthesize c-di-GMP, whereas it is degraded by c-di …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in prokaryotes. Among these, the mazEF TA
system encodes an endoribonucleolytic toxin, MazF, that inhibits growth by sequence …