This review uses the marine bivalve Crassostrea gigas to highlight redox reactions and
control systems in species living in dynamic intertidal environments. Intertidal species face …

Microplastics have been an emerging threat to marine environments and marine life. Oysters
as seafood are popular worldwide, yet also a high-risk group to accumulate pollutants due to …

This review traces the journey of nanosomes from administration until elimination, and
discusses various biological barriers. The nanosomes are imported into the body through …

Pharmaceutical discharges into the aquatic ecosystem are of environmental concern and
sewage treatment plants (STPs) have been pointed out as the major source of these …

This study investigated the effects of hypoxia on oxidative stress response and immune
function in mussels Perna perna exposed to air for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. In air-exposed …

Bivalve mollusks are frequently subjected to fluctuations of dissolved oxygen concentration
in the environment which can represent a significant threat to bivalve antioxidant status. In …

Biological fouling is an unwanted phenomenon that results in economic losses to the
shipping industry. To prevent fouling, antifouling paints are used. DCOIT (4, 5-dichloro-2-n …

Bivalve molluscs rely only on an innate immune system to execute cellular and humoral
processes. Haemocytes, the haemolymph circulating cells, play a major role in this type of …

DCOIT is a co-biocide that is part of the formulation of the commercial antifouling Sea-Nine
211® and although it is “safe to use”, negative effects have been reported on the antioxidant …

Chlorothalonil is an effective fungicide used in agriculture and formulations of antifouling
paints, which use and possible toxicity has been generating great concern. Thus, the …