Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is a pleiotropic factor that acts as a tumor suppressor
in the early stages, while it exerts tumor promoting activities in advanced stages of cancer …

During tumor development, invasion and metastasis, the intimate interaction between tumor
and stroma shapes the tumor microenvironment and dictates the fate of tumor cells. Stromal …

It has been shown that acquisition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induction
of cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties contribute to metastasis of cancers in many studies; …

Simple Summary Tamoxifen has been used for more than 40 years to treat breast tumors
that are dependent on the hormone estrogen for their growth. However, resistance and …

The downregulation of SPRED2, a negative regulator of the ERK1/2 pathway, was
previously detected in human cancers; however, the biological consequence remains …

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have repeatedly reported multiple non-coding
single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 2p14 associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes, and the leading cause of
blindness in adults. Sprouty-related proteins with EVH1 domain (SPRED2) play an important …

The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a physical scaffold for tissues that is composed of
structural proteins such as laminins, collagens, proteoglycans and fibronectin, forming a …

Downregulation of the sprouty‑related EVH1 domain protein 2 (Spred2) is closely
associated with highly metastatic phenotypes in various tumors. However, the roles of …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) stimulates the extracellular matrix degrading
proteases expression and cell migration in order to enhance cancer cells malignancy. In the …