Reinforcement learning provides both qualitative and quantitative frameworks for
understanding and modeling adaptive decision-making in the face of rewards and …

Motivational relevance can prioritize information for memory encoding and consolidation
based on reward value. In this review, we pinpoint the possible psychological and neural …

Dopamine neurons are thought to encode novelty in addition to reward prediction error (the
discrepancy between actual and predicted values). In this study, we compared dopamine …

Abstract “Situational interest” is a short‐term form of motivation which occurs when a specific
situation stimulates the focused attention of students (eg, a spectacular science …

Adolescence is the transition period that prepares individuals for fulfilling their role as adults.
Most conspicuous in this transition period is the peak level of risk-taking behaviors that …

The scientific study of animal affect (emotion) is an area of growing interest. Whilst research
on mechanism and causation has predominated, the study of function is less advanced. This …

The central amygdala (CeA) orchestrates adaptive responses to emotional events. While
CeA substrates for defensive behaviors have been studied extensively, CeA circuits for …

Prediction error, defined by the discrepancy between real and expected outcomes, lies at
the core of associative learning. Behavioural investigations have provided evidence that …

Phasic activity of midbrain dopamine neurons is currently thought to encapsulate the
prediction-error signal described in model-free reinforcement learning algorithm. This phasic …

How emotions are represented in the nervous system is a crucial unsolved problem in the
affective neuroscience. Many studies are striving to find the localization of basic emotions in …