Prior to the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza A virus,
the long‐held and well‐supported paradigm was that highly pathogenic avian influenza …

This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as
faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs …

Novel Eurasian lineage avian influenza A (H5N8) virus has spread rapidly and globally
since January 2014. In December 2014, H5N8 and reassortant H5N2 viruses were detected …

A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus belonging to the H5 clade 2.3. 4.4 variant
viruses was detected in North America in late 2014. Motivated by the identification of these …

Wild waterbirds, the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses, undergo migratory
movements each year, connecting breeding and wintering grounds within broad corridors …

Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and
wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is …

The discovery in 1976 of waterfowl as the primary reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) has
since spurred decades of waterfowl surveillance efforts by researchers dedicated to …

Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and spread of avian influenza
viruses. However, surveillance for these viruses in wild birds is sporadic, geographically …

Influenza A viruses in wild birds pose threats to the poultry industry, wild birds, and human
health under certain conditions. Of particular importance are wild waterfowl, which are the …

Diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild birds, including highly pathogenic strains
that infect poultry and humans. Consequently, surveillance of IAVs in wild birds is a …