Life as we know it, simply would not exist without DNA replication. All living organisms utilize
a complex machinery to duplicate their genomes and the central role in this machinery …

Although the terms “excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)” and “oxidative stress” are
widely used, the implications of oxidative stress are often misunderstood. ROS are not a …

It is generally assumed that an enzyme-substrate (ES) complex contains all components
necessary for catalysis and that conversion to products occurs by rearrangement of atoms …

Classical DNA and RNA polymerase (pol) enzymes have defined roles with their respective
substrates, but several pols have been found to have multiple functions. We reported …

The enzymatic polymerization of DNA and RNA is the basis for genetic inheritance for all
living organisms. It is catalyzed by the DNA/RNA polymerase (Pol) superfamily. Here …

Enzyme catalysis has been studied for over a century. How it actually occurs has not been
visualized until recently. By combining in crystallo reaction and X-ray diffraction analysis of …

POLη, encoded by the POLH gene, is a crucial protein for replicating damaged DNA and the
most studied specialized translesion synthesis polymerases. Mutations in POLη are …

Ribonucleotides are the natural analogs of deoxyribonucleotides, which can be misinserted
by DNA polymerases, leading to the most abundant DNA lesions in genomes. During …

Trans-lesion synthesis polymerases, like DNA Polymerase-η (Pol-η), are essential for cell
survival. Pol-η bypasses ultraviolet-induced DNA damages via a two-metal-ion mechanism …

Ribonucleotides and 2′-deoxyribonucleotides are the basic units for RNA and DNA,
respectively, and the only difference is the extra 2′-OH group on the ribonucleotide sugar …