In Europe, like in many temperate lowlands worldwide, forest has a long history of
fragmentation and land use change. In many places, forest landscapes consist of patches of …

The complex interactions between stand characteristics and forest site variables result in
specific understory microclimate conditions, which are essential for many forest-dwelling …

Ecosystem restoration is gaining political and economic support worldwide, but its exact
targets and costs often remain unclear. A key issue, both for predicting restoration success …

Wood-pastures have been formed by traditional low-intensity livestock grazing in wooded
areas. They host high biodiversity values that are now threatened by both management …

Background The ecological importance of deadwood is widely acknowledged, however
popular forestry practices may reduce deadwood from a site, and most European forests …

As key components of landscapes, edges have received considerable scientific attention in
anthropogenic ecosystems. However, edges in natural and semi-natural forest–grassland …

Woodland restoration is underway globally to counter the negative soil quality and
ecological impacts of agricultural expansion and woodland fragmentation, and restore or …

We assessed ecological sustainability of seminatural forestry by analyzing 80-year
dynamics and the current distribution of all woodpecker species in Estonia. We found that …

We hypothesize that many epiphytic lichens colonize trees in planted cultural heritage sites
and persist as large-scale species meta-pools in historic rural landscape, while epiphytic …

Fragmentation of forest landscapes and structural degradation of woodlands have a holistic
negative effect on biodiversity. Bats are considered as indicators of woodland's structural …