Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Small RNAs are ubiquitously present regulators in all kingdoms of life. Most bacterial and
archaeal small RNAs (sRNAs) act by antisense mechanisms on multiple target mRNAs …

Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth
and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher …

Bacteria possess numerous and diverse means of gene regulation using RNA molecules,
including mRNA leaders that affect expression in cis, small RNAs that bind to proteins or …

More than 50 y of research have provided great insight into the physiology, metabolism, and
molecular biology of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), but …

SUMMARY A substantial amount of antisense transcription is a hallmark of gene expression
in eukaryotes. However, antisense transcription was first demonstrated in bacteria almost 50 …

A distinctive feature of prokaryotic gene expression is the absence of 5′-capped RNA. In
eukaryotes, 5′, 5′-triphosphate-linked 7-methylguanosine protects messenger RNA from …

Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are diverse and widespread in the prokaryotic
kingdom. They are composed of closely linked genes encoding a stable toxin that can harm …

Antisense RNAs encoded on the DNA strand opposite another gene have the potential to
form extensive base-pairing interactions with the corresponding sense RNA. Unlike other …

One of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the
toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular …