The insulin receptor (IR) gene undergoes differential splicing that generates two IR isoforms,
IR-A and IR-B. The physiological roles of IR isoforms are incompletely understood and …

In mammals, the insulin receptor (IR) gene has acquired an additional exon, exon 11. This
exon may be skipped in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. The IR, therefore …

Insulin receptor signalling has a central role in mammalian biology, regulating cellular
metabolism, growth, division, differentiation and survival,. Insulin resistance contributes to …

Background The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its ongoing use since that time in
the treatment of diabetes belies the molecular complexity of its structure and that of its …

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling defects cause a variety of metabolic diseases including
diabetes. Moreover, inherited mutations of the IR cause severe insulin resistance, leading to …

Insulin provides a classical model of a globular protein, yet how the hormone changes
conformation to engage its receptor has long been enigmatic. Interest has focused on the C …

Human type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor is a homodimeric receptor tyrosine kinase
that signals into pathways directing normal cellular growth, differentiation and proliferation …

The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling pathway is implicated in the development of
cancer. High levels of circulating IGF1 and certain genetic polymorphisms of IGF1 and …

The IR (insulin receptor) and IGFR (type I insulin-like growth factor receptor) are found as
homodimers, but the respective pro-receptors can also heterodimerize to form insulin–IGF …

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling is critical to controlling nutrient uptake and metabolism.
However, only a low-resolution (3.8 Å) structure currently exists for the IR ectodomain, with …