The brain, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), has been long known
for its involvement in glucose sensing and whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, it is …

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-
renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the …

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) regulates energy homeostasis via activation of the GLP-1
receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the central nervous system. However, the mechanism by which the …

Glucose is the basic fuel essential for maintenance of viability and functionality of all cells.
However, some neurons—namely, glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons—paradoxically increase …

Members of the melanocortin receptor (MCR) family that recognize different melanocortin
peptides mediate a broad spectrum of cellular processes including energy homeostasis …

Aims/hypothesis The brain is a major consumer of glucose as an energy source and
regulates systemic glucose as well as energy balance. Although glucose transporters such …

Maintaining blood glucose at an appropriate physiological level requires precise
coordination of multiple organs and tissues. The vagus nerve bidirectionally connects the …

The central melanocortin system is fundamentally important for controlling food intake and
energy homeostasis. Melanocortin‐3 receptor (MC3R) is one of two major receptors of the …

The hypothalamus is a critical regulator of glucose metabolism and is capable of correcting
diabetes conditions independently of an effect on energy balance. The small GTPase Rap1 …

As the most recent melanocortin receptor (MCR) identified, melanocortin-5 receptor (MC5R)
has unique tissue expression patterns, pharmacological properties, and physiological …