The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's
disease (CD), is a group of chronic bowel diseases that are characterized by abdominal …

Abnormalities of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway may be implicated in the pathophysiology of
depression. However, the relationships between depression and each metabolite of the …

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that infects cells through the angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 receptor, aided by proteases that prime the spike protein of the virus to enhance …

Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are frequently observed in patients
suffering from chronic pain. Over time, different tests and models have been developed in …

Under physiological conditions 95% of the ingested essential amino acid tryptophan is
metabolized by the kynurenine pathway (KP) to yield the ubiquitous co-enzyme …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2, 3-
dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The …

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis generates functional neurons from neural progenitor cells
in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) to complement and repair neurons and neural …

As a major metabolite of kynurenine in the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan, kynurenic
acid is of considerable biological and clinical importance as an endogenous antagonist of …

There are several hypotheses concerning the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of
major depression, which centre largely around adaptive changes in neuronal transmission …