Tumor development and metastasis are facilitated by the complex interactions between
cancer cells and their microenvironment, which comprises stromal cells and extracellular …

A ubiquitously expressed cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a
significant role in various ongoing cellular mechanisms. The gain or loss-of-function of TGF …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in both
physiologic and pathologic conditions, including cancer. Importantly, TGFβ can exhibit both …

Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during
development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This …

T-cell exhaustion was originally identified during chronic infection in mice, and was
subsequently observed in humans with cancer. The exhausted T cells in the tumor …

Since their identification in 1994, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been objects of intensive
study. Their properties and mechanisms of formation have become a major focus of current …

The TGFβ signaling pathway has pleiotropic functions regulating cell growth, differentiation,
apoptosis, motility and invasion, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and immune …

Tumors can be divided into 'hot'(T cell inflamed) or 'cold'(T cell noninflamed) according to the
presence of immune cells. In this review, we discuss variables that influence T cell migration …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of the worldwide cancer mortality.
Different molecular mechanisms have been attributed to the development and progress of …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently detected type of cancer, and the second
most common cause of cancer-related mortality globally. The American Cancer Society …