The intense plasma irregularities within the ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layers at 90–130 km
altitude have a significant impact on radio communications and navigation systems. As a …

An updated global climatology of blanketing sporadic E (Es) is developed from a combined
data set of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) and ground‐based …

Statistical GNSS-RO measurements of phase and amplitude scintillation are analyzed at the
mid-latitudes in the local summer for a 100 km altitude. These conditions are known to …

Several models for estimating sporadic-E intensity from Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) radio occultation (RO) observation have previously been developed using a single …

The investigation of sporadic E or Es layers typically relies on ground-based or satellite data.
This study compares the Es layers recorded in ionograms with those detected using GNSS …

In this work, convolutional neural networks (CNN) are developed to detect and characterize
sporadic E (Es), demonstrating an improvement over current methods. This includes a …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complicated illness caused by a mix of hereditary and
environmental factors. It is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, yet it is also …

Abstract GPS radio occultation (GPS-RO) data, especially the parameters of signal-to-noise
ratio normalized standard deviation (SNRnstd) and S4, are widely used to measure the …

Sporadic E layers form in the daytime midlatitude ionosphere as a result of wind shears in
the mesosphere–lower-thermosphere compressing metallic ions of meteoric origin into …

This study presents an analysis of sporadic‐E (Es) structures within WACCM‐X (the Whole
Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension) …