Industrial processes account for one-third of global energy demand. The iron and steel,
cement and refining sectors are particularly energy-intensive, together making up over 30 …

Negotiating reductions in greenhouse gas emission involves the allocation of emissions and
of emission reductions to specific agents, and notably, within the current UN framework, to …

Carbon emission efficiency directly determines the overall carbon emissions level. Previous
studies mainly investigated carbon emission efficiency from the perspective of direct carbon …

To meet the targets of the EU's Fit for 55 package, the European Commission proposed in
July 2021 to implement a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to replace free …

Abstract The European Union (EU) plans to activate a carbon border adjustment mechanism
(CBAM) in January 2023. This is meant to secure fair competition for European energy …

The Paris Agreement advances a heterogeneous approach to international climate
cooperation. Such an approach may be undermined by carbon leakage—the displacement …

Carbon regulation differences are the main obstacle to global carbon emissions reductions.
To alleviate the global environmental pressures from carbon emissions, high-carbon …

Curbing climate change is gaining increasing consensus globally. While many countries
seek to set carbon prices, significant price dispersion and policy stringency continue to raise …

Carbon markets could hasten climate change mitigation by driving investment towards
efficient decarbonization activities, but they face problems around trust, transparency, and …

This article analyses the impact of the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment
Mechanism (CBAM) on European Union (EU) trade partners, focusing especially on its …