Hepatocytes, the major parenchymal cells in the liver, play pivotal roles in metabolism,
detoxification, and protein synthesis. Hepatocytes also activate innate immunity against …

Extracellular adenine nucleotides play important roles in cell–cell communication and tissue
homeostasis. High concentrations of extracellular ATP released by dying cells are sensed …

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global challenge, and point-of-care
diagnostic classifiers are urgently required. Here, we present a platform for ultra-high …

Microglia are highly plastic immune cells which exist in a continuum of activation states. By
shaping the function of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the brain cells which …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling represents one of the best studied pathways to implement
defense mechanisms against invading microbes in human being as well as in animals …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by inflammation, injury and fibrosis.
Dysregulated innate immune responses mediated by macrophages play critical roles in …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …

Vaccine efficacy is optimized by addition of immune adjuvants. However, although adjuvants
have been used for over a century, to date, only few adjuvants are approved for human use …

The cell surface antigen CD14 is primarily understood to act as a co‐receptor for toll‐like
receptors (TLRs) to activate innate immunity responses to pathogens and tissue injury in …

The innate immune system uses Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 to detect conserved bacterial
lipoproteins of invading pathogens. The lipid anchor attaches lipoproteins to the cytoplasmic …