The overarching objective is to review how early exposure to adversity interacts with
inflammation to alter brain maturation. Both adversity and inflammation are significant risk …

The normal stress response in humans is governed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis through heightened mechanisms during stress, raising blood levels of the …

Exposure to early life stress (ELS) may lead to long-lasting neurobiological and behavioral
impairments. Alterations in the immune system and neuroinflammatory state induced by ELS …

People radically differ in how they cope with uncertainty. Clinical researchers describe a
dispositional characteristic known as “intolerance of uncertainty”, a tendency to find …

Compounds derived from herbs exhibit a range of biological properties, including anti-
inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. However, the exact mechanism of …

The endocannabinoid system, with its receptors and ligands, is present in the gut epithelium
and enteroendocrine cells, and is able to modulate brain functions, both indirectly through …

Stress and substance use disorders remain two of the most highly prevalent psychiatric
conditions and are often comorbid. While individually these conditions have a debilitating …

Background Antenatal exposure to maternal psychological adversity, including depression,
increases the risk of impaired neurodevelopment in children. The underlying biological …

Depression is the most common mental disorder and has become a heavy burden in
modern society. Clinical studies have identified early life stress as one of the high-risk …

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disease characterized by a supernumerary chromosome
21. Intellectual deficiency (ID) is one of the most prominent features of DS. Central nervous …