Endospores formed by Bacillus, Clostridia, and related genera are encased in a protein
shell called the coat. In many species, including B. subtilis, the coat is the outermost spore …

The coat varies considerably in width among species. In Bacillus subtilis, where the coat is
relatively wide, it is just less than 200 nm in width, and its multilayered organization is …

We report the use of CotC, a major component of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat, as a fusion
partner for the expression of two heterologous antigens on the spore coat. Recombinant …

Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in
the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug …

Bacterial spores are surrounded by a morphologically complex, mechanically flexible
protein coat, which protects the spore from toxic molecules. The interactions among the over …

Spores of Clostridium difficile play a key role in the dissemination of this important human
pathogen, and until recently little has been known of their functional characteristics. Genes …

Bacterial spores are commonly isolated from a variety of different environments, including
extreme habitats. Although it is well established that such ubiquitous distribution reflects the …

Genetically engineered bacteria-based sensing systems have been employed in a variety of
analyses because of their selectivity, sensitivity, and ease of use. These systems, however …

The modification of proteins by phosphorylation occurs in all life forms and is catalyzed by a
large superfamily of enzymes known as protein kinases. We recently discovered a family of …

Aims Litopenaeus vannamei do not have an adaptive immune response system. White spot
syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most severe pathogen in shrimps. Bacillus subtilis spores …