The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914,
that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood …

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

Insulin signaling controls metabolic homeostasis. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of
full-length insulin receptor (IR) and insulin complex in the active state. This structure …

Background The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its ongoing use since that time in
the treatment of diabetes belies the molecular complexity of its structure and that of its …

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling controls multiple facets of animal physiology. Maximally four
insulins bind to IR at two distinct sites, termed site-1 and site-2. However, the precise …

The insulin receptor (IR) is a type II receptor tyrosine kinase that plays essential roles in
metabolism, growth, and proliferation. Dysregulation of IR signaling is linked to many human …

Insulin receptor (IR) signaling defects cause a variety of metabolic diseases including
diabetes. Moreover, inherited mutations of the IR cause severe insulin resistance, leading to …

Insulin regulates glucose homeostasis via binding and activation of the insulin receptor
dimer at two distinct pairs of binding sites 1 and 2. Here, we present cryo-EM studies of full …

Lipids play a diverse and critical role in cellular processes in all tissues. The unique lipid
composition of nerve membranes is particularly interesting because it contains, among other …

Abstract Lymphocystis disease virus-1 (LCDV-1) and several other Iridoviridae encode viral
insulin/IGF-1 like peptides (VILPs) with high homology to human insulin and IGFs. Here we …