Tumour progression is modulated by the local microenvironment. This environment is
populated by many immune cells, of which macrophages are among the most abundant …

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and develops because of the rapid growth of
the tumor that outstrips the oxygen supply, and impaired blood flow due to the formation of …

TGFβ signalling has key roles in cancer progression: most carcinoma cells have inactivated
their epithelial antiproliferative response and benefit from increased TGFβ expression and …

One of the problems that has slowed the development and approval of new anticancer
therapies is the lack of preclinical models that can be used to identify key molecular, cellular …

Cancer progression often benefits from the selective conditions present in the tumour
microenvironment, such as the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) …

The contribution of nerves to the pathogenesis of malignancies has emerged as an
important component of the tumour microenvironment. Recent studies have shown that …

Angiogenesis is the process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing
ones. Exosomes are involved in angiogenesis in cancer progression by transporting …

The formation of new blood vessels, or angiogenesis, is a complex process that plays
important roles in growth and development, tissue and organ regeneration, as well as …

Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors ensuring the mechanical connection
between cells and the extracellular matrix. In addition to the anchorage of cells to the …

Nanotechnology offers several attractive design features that have prompted its exploration
for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanosized drugs have a large loading capacity, the …