The effects of sex hormones on immune function have received much attention, especially
following the proposal of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Many studies, both …

The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space and is a key
determinant of infection risk in humans, domestic animals and threatened wildlife. Because …

Immune defenses provide resistance against infectious disease that is critical to survival. But
immune defenses are costly, and limited resources allocated to immunity are not available …

Generalist species able to exploit anthropogenic food sources are becoming increasingly
common in urban environments. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are one such urban generalist that …

Hosts are typically coinfected by multiple parasite species, resulting in potentially
overwhelming levels of complexity. We argue that an individual host can be considered to …

For almost 40 years, studies of whole-organism performance have formed a cornerstone of
evolutionary physiology. Although its utility as a heuristic guide is beyond question, and we …

Blood analyses have great potential in studies of ecology, ecotoxicology and veterinary
science in wild vertebrates based on advances in human and domestic animal medicine …

Social status can have striking effects on health in humans and other animals, but the
causes often are unknown. In male vertebrates, status-related differences in health may be …

The field of ecoimmunology is currently undergoing rapid expansion, whereby biologists
from a wide range of ecological disciplines are increasingly interested in assessing …

Immunosenescence, the decline in immune defense with age, is an important mortality
source in elderly humans but little is known of immunosenescence in wild animals. We …