The innate immune system is the first line of the host defense program against pathogens
and harmful substances. Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by multiple …

Syncytia are formed when individual cells fuse. SARS-CoV-2 induces syncytia when the
viral spike (S) protein on the surface of an infected cell interacts with receptors on …

Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first
step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die'event that governs virus emergence in …

Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad spectrum antiviral factors that
inhibit the entry of a wide range of clinically important pathogens including influenza A virus …

Hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD) is a metabolic bone disease that is often associated with
chronic liver disease and is marked by bone loss. Here, we demonstrate that hepatic …

Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs 1, 2 and 3) have emerged as important
innate immune effectors that prevent diverse virus infections in vertebrates. However, the …

Animal cells use a wide variety of mechanisms to slow or prevent replication of viruses.
These mechanisms are usually mediated by antiviral proteins whose expression and …

Cholesterol and components of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway have fundamental
roles in all mammalian cells. Hydroxylated forms of cholesterol are now emerging as …

Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) inhibit infection of diverse enveloped
viruses, including the influenza A virus (IAV) which is thought to enter from late endosomes …

Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of small proteins that
localize in the plasma and endolysosomal membranes. IFITMs not only inhibit viral entry into …