Immune abnormality involves in various diseases, such as infection, allergic diseases,
autoimmune diseases, as well as transplantation. Several signal pathways have been …

The threats to chemical warfare-associated agents (CWA), including nitrogen mustard, are
increasing, and no direct antidote is currently available to mitigate the deleterious cutaneous …

Despite the high morbidity and mortality among patients with extensive cutaneous burns in
the intensive care unit due to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome …

Glutathione (GSH) depletion, and impaired redox homeostasis have been observed in
experimental animal models and patients with epilepsy. Pleiotropic strategies that elevate …

Lewisite is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent that leads to cutaneous and systemic
damage. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 4-phenylbutryic acid (4-PBA) are two novel antidotes …

Painless photodynamic therapy (p‐PDT), which involves application of photosensitizer and
immediate exposure to light to treat actinic keratosis (AK) in patients, causes negligible pain …

The eye is ten times more vulnerable to chemical warfare agents than other organs.
Consistently, exposure to vesicant arsenical lewisite (LEW) manifests significant corneal …

As-containing chemical weapons (CWs) and their degraded products pose a great threat to
the environment and to human health. In this study, concentration and distribution …

Lewisite (2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine) is an organic arsenical chemical warfare agent that
was developed and weaponized during World Wars I/II. Stockpiles of lewisite still exist in …

Phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an analog of lewisite, is a highly toxic trivalent arsenical and a
potential chemical warfare agent. PAO-induced toxicity has been studied in lung, liver, and …