Perimenopause is a midlife transition state experienced by women that occurs in the context
of a fully functioning neurological system and results in reproductive senescence. Although …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous
system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in …

Estradiol effects on memory depend on hormone levels and the interaction of different
estrogen receptors within neural circuits. Estradiol induces gene transcription and rapid …

This review presents evidence for the idea that the expression of estrogen receptor alpha
and beta (ERα and ERβ) interacts with the level of estradiol (E2) to influence the etiology of …

Converging evidence from cellular, electrophysiological, anatomic, and behavioral studies
suggests that the remodeling of synapse structure and function is a critical component of …

Dysfunctions of the brain 5-HT system are often associated with affective disorders, such as
depression. The raphe nuclei target the limbic system and most forebrain areas and …

Estrogen-induced signaling pathways in hippocampal and cortical neurons converge upon
the mitochondria to enhance mitochondrial function and to sustain aerobic glycolysis and …

Oestradiol exerts a profound influence upon multiple brain circuits. For the most part, these
effects are mediated by oestrogen receptor (ER) α. We review here the roles of ERβ, the …

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are critical to controlling fertility. In vivo,
estradiol can inhibit or stimulate GnRH release depending on concentration and …

Hypertension is a major contributor to worldwide morbidity and mortality rates related to
cardiovascular disease. There are important sex differences in the onset and rate of …