Research on the neural systems underlying emotion in animal models over the past two
decades has implicated the amygdala in fear and other emotional processes. This work …

Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that
affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain …

Memory reconsolidation has been argued to be a distinct process that serves to maintain,
strengthen or modify memories. Specifically, the retrieval of a previously consolidated …

Fear extinction is defined as a decline in conditioned fear responses (CRs) following
nonreinforced exposure to a feared conditioned stimulus (CS). Behavioral evidence …

Aim. This review describes the concepts, temporal dynamics and main features of learning
and memory systems from a comprehensive molecular, neuroanatomical …

BACKGROUND: A key finding from recent studies of epigenetic mechanisms of memory is
that increasing histone acetylation after a learning experience enhances memory …

Recent studies have reported new evidence consistent with the hypothesis that reactivating
a memory by re-exposure to a training context destabilizes the memory and induces …

Memory stabilization following encoding (synaptic consolidation) or memory reactivation
(reconsolidation) requires gene expression and protein synthesis (;;;). Although …

Nonreinforced retrieval can cause extinction and/or reconsolidation, two processes that
affect subsequent retrieval in opposite ways. Using the Morris water maze task we show that …

BACKGROUND: Paradoxical changes in memory represent a troublesome characteristic of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exceptionally vivid intrusive memories of some …