In individuals who know more than one language, the languages are always active to some
degree. This has consequences for language processing, but bilinguals rarely make …

In an implicit phonological priming paradigm, deaf bimodal bilinguals made semantic
relatedness decisions for pairs of English words. Half of the semantically unrelated pairs had …

We exploit the phenomenon of cross-modal, cross-language activation to examine the
dynamics of language processing. Previous within-language work showed that seeing a …

Bilinguals, both hearing and deaf, activate multiple languages simultaneously even in
contexts that require only one language. To date, the point in development at which bilingual …

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate co-activation of English words
during recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) signs. Deaf and hearing signers …

When listening to spoken language, bilinguals access words in both of their languages at
the same time; this co-activation is often driven by phonological input mapping to candidates …

Second language acquisition (SLA) research offers valuable insight on how languages are
learned and how they coexist and influence each other. Sign language learners offer unique …

In studying the relationship between word recognition and reading development, a
distinction is made between analytic and holistic processing of words. These strategies are …

Several studies have shown that unbalanced bilinguals activate both of their languages
simultaneously during L2 processing; however, evidence for L2 activation while participants …

Since signs and words are perceived and produced in distinct sensory-motor systems, they
do not share a phonological basis. Nevertheless, many deaf bilinguals master a spoken …