This review focuses on the multiple and reciprocal relationships that exist between oxidative
stress, hyperglycemia and diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Human metabolism …

Arachidonic acid (AA) is an essential fatty acid that is released by phospholipids in cell
membranes and metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX), cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes …

lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an enzyme, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids,
particularly omega-6 and-3 fatty acids, to generate a number of bioactive lipid metabolites. A …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of vision loss or blindness in working age adults
worldwide. The lack of effective diagnostic biomarkers for DR leads to unsatisfactory curative …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus, and a common
cause of vision impairment and blindness in these patients, yet many aspects of its …

Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) mediates the enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids,
thereby contributing to the generation of various bioactive lipid mediators. Although 12/15 …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. Several
inflammatory cells and proteins, including macrophages and microglia, cytokines, and …

Oxidative stress is an important factor to cause the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR)
because the retina has high vascularization and long-time light exposition. Cyclooxygenase …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular insult that accompanies the hyperglycemic state.
Retinal vasculature holds a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the retina, and any …

Introduction Despite advances in diabetic retinopathy (DR) medications, early identification
is vitally important for DR administration and remains a major challenge. This study aims to …