The infant mortality rate in USA exceeds that of most other developed nations, ranking 26th
among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. 1 Non …

Lead is a heavy metal. It is used in lead-acid battery, as a coloring agent, paints, and metal
alloyed as shielding materials, smelters, printing press, and so on. It is a toxic metal affecting …

Arsenic, cadmium and lead are well-known environmental contaminants, and their toxicity at
low concentration is the target of scientific concern. In this study, we aimed to identify the …

Preterm birth (PTB) and its complications are the leading causes of under-five year old child
deaths, accounting worldwide for an estimated one million deaths annually. The etiology of …

Background Numerous studies have suggested significant associations between prenatal
exposure to heavy metals and newborn anthropometric measures. However, little is known …

Abstract Purpose of Review Preterm birth is a significant worldwide health problem of
uncertain origins. The extant body of literature examining environmental contaminant …

In recent decades, the low birth weight (LBW) rate in New Mexico has consistently exceeded
the Unites States average. Maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may be a …

Blood lead (Pb) poisoning remains a global concern, particularly for children in their early
developmental years. Broken Hill is Australia's oldest operating silver–zinc–lead mine. In …

Background Prenatal exposure to metals may play an important role in fetal growth.
However, the epidemiologic evidence for certain metals is sparse, and most of the existing …

Lead and mercury are heavy metals that are highly toxic to life forms. There are no known
physiological processes that require them, and they do not have a particular threshold …