Biodiversity faces many threats and these can interact to produce outcomes that may not be
predicted by considering their effects in isolation. Habitat loss and fragmentation (hereafter …

The US Endangered Species Act (ESA) allows listing of subspecies and other groupings
below the rank of species. This provides the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the National …

Squirrels of the World, written by scientists with more than 100 years of collective experience
studying these popular mammals, is the first comprehensive examination of all 285 species …

Fire can promote biodiversity, but changing patterns of fire threaten species worldwide.
While scientific literature often describes ''inappropriate fire regimes''as a significant threat to …

Measuring local adaptation can provide insights into how coevolution occurs between
predators and prey. Specifically, theory predicts that local adaptation in functionally matched …

Red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) are widely distributed throughout Eurasia, occurring in many
types of coniferous and mixed‐deciduous forests. In fragmented landscapes, small and …

Habitat alteration, agricultural control, recreational shooting, and most recently, sylvatic
plague (caused by Yersinia pestis) contributed to local extinctions and a steady decline of …

We studied the demography of a population of Northern Idaho ground squirrels
(Spermophilus brunneus brunneus) in Adams County, Idaho. The population was …

Hibernation is an adaptation to survive periods of stress, from food limitation or harsh
thermal conditions. A key question in contemporary ecology is whether rare, range-restricted …

Isolation by distance (IBD) is a phenomenon characterized by increasing genetic divergence
and decreasing gene flow with increasing geographic distance. IBD is often used in …