Preterm infants are exposed to frequent painful procedures and agitating stimuli over the
many weeks of their hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The adverse …

More than 15 million premature infants are born worldwide each year. 1 These infants, along
with term neonates who are born ill, compromised either by congenital abnormalities or by …

This mini-review is aimed at briefly summarizing the present status of functional near-
infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and predicting where the technique should go in the next …

The prevention, assessment, and treatment of neonatal pain and agitation continues to
challenge clinicians and researchers. Substantial progress has been made in the past three …

Hospitalized newborn infants experience pain that can have negative short-and long-term
consequences and thus should be prevented and treated. National and international …

Preterm neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit undergo frequent painful
procedures daily, often without pain treatment, with associated long-term adverse effects …

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2)
values, measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), in assessing pain associated …

Background Improving pain and stress assessments in neonates remains important in
preventing the short-and long-term consequences. We aimed to identify the relationships …

Introduction Recently, interest in the problem of proper prevention and monitoring of pain,
especially acute, has been increasing in relation to various age groups. Greater awareness …

Background and Objective. The most frequently used methods for assessing pain are self‐
reports and observation. However, physiological methods could improve accuracy and …