Abstract Purpose of Review This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of
tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) molecules in inflammation …

It is well accepted that adaptive immunity plays a key role in the control of hepatitis B virus
(HBV) infection. In contrast, the contribution of innate immunity has only received attention in …

Nucleic acid recognition by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) initiates signaling pathways that
regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines or type I interferons, as well as many …

Increasing number of studies indicates that chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play
an essential role in pathophysiology and some symptoms of major depressive disorder …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. HBV is not
directly cytotoxic to infected hepatocytes; the clinical outcome of infection results from …

Abstract Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in recognition and induction of
appropriate immune responses against viral infections, including hepatitis B. TLR7 detects …

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a cellular DNA receptor of the innate immune system. DNA
recognition via TLR9 results in an inflammatory reaction, which eventually also activates a …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection mainly causes liver disease, including inflammation,
cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been documented that prolonged …

Innate immunity consists of several kinds of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which
participate in the recognition of pathogens and consequently activation of innate immune …

Several studies have been conducted over the years to unravel the structural information on
the receptors that bind to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) and the …