Cytokines are key messengers by which immune cells communicate, and they drive many
physiological processes, including immune and inflammatory responses. Early discoveries …

The mammalian brain is a complex organ comprising neurons, glia, and more than 1× 1014
synapses. Neurons are a heterogeneous group of electrically active cells, which form the …

Increasing evidence indicates that excessive inflammatory responses play a crucial role in
the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, including depression and anxiety disorders …

Microglia are tissue‐resident macrophages responsible for the surveillance, neuronal
support, and immune defense of the brain parenchyma. Recently, the role played by …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating neuropsychological disorder, which has
caused serious health and socio-economic burdens worldwide. A growing body of evidence …

Manganese (Mn), as one of the environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), has
been widely studied. Though autophagy dysfunction and neuroinflammation mainly are …

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs in as many as 64–74 million people
worldwide each year and often results in one or more post-traumatic syndromes, including …

The cerebellum is a brain structure that is highly interconnected with other brain regions.
There are many contributing factors to cerebellar-related brain disease, such as altered …

The cerebellum is one-third the size of the cerebrum yet holds twice the number of neurons.
Historically, its sole function was thought to be in the calibration of smooth movements …

It has been more than a century since Pío del Río‐Hortega first characterized microglia in
histological stains of brain tissue. Since then, significant advances have been made in …