Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

In the last century, life expectancy has increased considerably, thanks to the introduction of
antibiotics, hygiene and vaccines that have contributed to the cure and prevention of many …

Rresistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria remove
multiple, structurally distinct classes of antimicrobials from inside bacterial cells therefore …

Bacterial multidrug efflux systems are a major mechanism of antimicrobial resistance and
are fundamental to the physiology of Gram-negative bacteria. The resistance-nodulation …

Drug efflux pumps transport antimicrobial agents out of bacteria, thereby reducing the
intracellular antimicrobial concentration, which is associated with intrinsic and acquired …

CsrA is an RNA-binding protein that regulates processes critical for growth and survival,
including central carbon metabolism, motility, biofilm formation, stress responses, and …

To survive and adapt to changing environments, bacteria have evolved mechanisms to
express appropriate genes at appropriate times. Exposure to antimicrobials triggers a global …

The aim of this study was to evaluate the proportion of resistance to a temocillin, tigecycline,
ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol phenotype called t2c2 that resulted from mutations …

The transport of small molecules across membranes is a pivotal step for controlling the drug
concentration into the bacterial cell and it efficiently contributes to the antibiotic susceptibility …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue. One key factor contributing to AMR
is the ability of bacteria to export drugs through efflux pumps, which relies on the ATP …