Cytokines play a critical role in regulating host immune response toward cancer and
determining the overall fate of tumorigenesis. The tumor microenvironment is dominated …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has achieved successful outcomes against
hematological malignancies and provided a new impetus for treating solid tumors. However …

The receptor NLRP3 is involved in the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome that activates
caspase-1 and mediates the release of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Whether NLRP3 can …

Metastatic prostate cancer patients present in two ways—with already disseminated disease
at the time of presentation or with disease recurrence after definitive local therapy. Androgen …

The extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs) act as pleiotropic molecules in tumors,
where they activate pro-survival pathways leading to cell proliferation and migration, as well …

Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are known as pleiotropic Th2 cytokines with a wide range of
biological properties and functions especially in immune responses. In addition, increasing …

The success of adoptively transferred tumor-directed T cells requires them to survive and
expand in vivo. Most tumors, however, employ immune evasion mechanisms, including the …

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy has shown great potential in tumor
treatment. However, many factors impair the efficacy of CAR-T therapy, such as antigenic …

IFNγ, a potent cytokine known to modulate tumor immunity and tumoricidal effects, is highly
elevated in patients with prostate cancer after radiation. In this study, we demonstrate that …

The Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and-13 are acknowledged regulators of lymphocyte
proliferation and activation. They have also been well studied in the regulation of various …