This article proposes an informational perspective on comparison consequences in social
judgment. It is argued that to understand the variable consequences of comparison, one has …

Considerable recent research has examined the effects that activated stereotypes have on
behavior. Research on both self-stereotype activation and other-stereotype activation has …

Social comparisons-comparisons between the self and others-are a fundamental
psychological mechanism influencing people's judgments, experiences, and behavior …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

The past and current states of research on social comparison are reviewed with regard to a
series of major theoretical developments that have occurred in the past 5 decades. These …

Executive Overview Goal setting is one of the most replicated and influential paradigms in
the management literature. Hundreds of studies conducted in numerous countries and …

We systematically analyze the role of social comparison processes in organizations.
Specifically, we describe how social comparison processes have been used to explain six …

Social comparisons influence self-evaluations in multiple ways. Sometimes self-evaluations
are assimilated toward a given standard. At other times, they are contrasted away from the …

This article reviews research on counterfactual, social, and temporal comparisons and
proposes a Reflection and Evaluation Model (REM) as an organizing framework. At the …

Four studies examined gender differences in self-construals and the role of social
comparison in generating these differences. Consistent with previous research, Study 1 (N …