Research focusing on among‐individual differences in behaviour ('animal personality') has
been blooming for over a decade. Central theories explaining the maintenance of such …

Animal 'personality', defined as repeatable inter-individual differences in behaviour, is a
concept in biology that faces intense controversy. Critics argue that the field is riddled with …

Having recognized that variation around the population-level “Golden Mean” of labile traits
contains biologically meaningful information, behavioural ecologists have focused …

Within populations, individuals often show repeatable variation in behaviour, called 'animal
personality'. In the last few decades, numerous empirical studies have attempted to …

Repeatability represents a key parameter in ecological and evolutionary research.
Repeatability is underpinned by developmental plasticity and genetic variation but may …

In animal contests, individuals respond plastically to the phenotypes of the opponents that
they confront. These “opponent”—or “indirect”—effects are often repeatable, for example …

There is increasing evidence that animal personality can affect many aspects of an
individual's behaviour, life history and fitness. However, there have been few studies about …

Predators can affect prey both directly (consumptive effects) and indirectly (nonconsumptive
effects), with a growing body of literature showing the latter may have pronounced effects …

Despite recent progress in elucidating the genetic basis for behavioral variation, the effects
of the developmental environment on the maintenance and generation of behavioral …

Developmental plasticity “prepares” individuals to environments experienced during
adulthood. Labile traits, such as behaviour, vary within and among individuals owing to (i) …