Evolutionary-biological reasoning suggests that individuals should be differentially
susceptible to environmental influences, with some people being not just more vulnerable …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability,
contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting …

Quantitative genetic studies (ie, twin and adoption studies) suggest that genetic influences
contribute substantially to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) …

Evidence that adverse rearing environments exert negative effects particularly on children
and adults presumed “vulnerable” for temperamental or genetic reasons may actually reflect …

The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated
in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain …

The dorsal striatum plays a role in consummatory food reward, and striatal dopamine
receptors are reduced in obese individuals, relative to lean individuals, which suggests that …

The density of striatal dopamine D2 receptors has been shown to vary considerably among
healthy subjects. 1 This variability might be due to genetic or environmental factors. In the …

The dopaminergic system plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system via its five
diverse receptors (D1–D5). Dysfunction of dopaminergic system is implicated in many …

Comfort eating, that is eating induced by negative affect, has been a core theme of
explanations for overeating and obesity. Psychobiological explanations and processes …

Striatal dopamine (DA) is thought to code for learned associations between cues and
reinforcers and to mediate approach behavior toward a reward. Less is known about the …