About 280 million people suffer from depression as the most common neurological disorder
and the most common cause of death worldwide. Exercise with serotonin released in the …

Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Physical activity (PA) may influence the secretion of neurotransmitters and thereby have
positive consequences for an individual's vulnerability (ie, reducing anxiety and depressive …

Numbers of overweight and obese individuals are increasing in the United States and
globally, and, correspondingly, the associated health care costs are rising dramatically …

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric disorders.
Some of the motivational symptoms of depression, such anergia (lack of self-reported …

Effort-based decision making is studied using tasks that offer choices between high-effort
options leading to more highly valued reinforcers versus low-effort/low-reward options …

This review paper is focused upon the involvement of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) and
related brain systems in effort-based processes. Interference with DA transmission affects …

Instrumental behavior is a very complex and multifaceted process. Behavioral output during
instrumental performance is influenced by a variety of factors, including associative …

In this chapter we provide an overview of the pharmacological and circuit mechanisms that
determine the willingness to expend effort in pursuit of rewards. A particular focus will be on …

Deficits in behavioral activation, exertion of effort, and other psychomotor/motivational
symptoms are frequently seen in people with depression and other disorders. Depressed …