The synthesis and secretion of cortisol are controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
axis. Cortisol exhibits a proper 24-h circadian rhythm that affects the brain, the autonomic …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe cerebrovascular disease that has
high mortality. Few survivors achieve self-care. Currently, patients receive only symptomatic …

Approximately, one in three ischemic stroke survivors suffered from depression, namely,
post-stroke depression (PSD). PSD affects functional rehabilitation and may lead to poor …

Background and Purpose—Infection after experimental focal ischemia may result from brain-
induced immunodepression, but it is unsettled whether a similar syndrome occurs in human …

Delirium is the most common complication found in the general hospital setting. Yet, we
know relatively little about its actual pathophysiology. This article contains a summary of …

Objective Early prediction of outcome in patients with ischemic stroke is important.
Vasopressin is a stress hormone. Its production rate is mirrored in circulating levels of …

This review examines the stress hormone cortisol which plays an important role in regulating
and supporting different bodily functions. Disruption in cortisol production has an impact on …

The aim of this study was to characterize the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
system in the first hours of ischemic stroke and to relate its extent to the occurrence of acute …

Background and Purpose Seizures within the first 48 hours of a first stroke or transient
ischemic attack (TIA) are an independent prognostic factor for in-hospital mortality. The aim …

Lymphocytes are major players in the development of innate and adaptive immune
responses but their behavior in patients with acute stroke has received little attention …