Back in the 1940s the political scientist C. Herman Pritchett began tallying the votes and
opinions of Supreme Court Justices. His goal was to use data to test the hypothesis that the …

Believers in an independent federal judiciary are battle-weary. A familiar refrain used to
comfort them is that partisanship, at least among lower court judges, is not tolerated. As …

For decades, researchers have studied the relationship between the political leanings of
judges and the outcomes of appellate litigation in the United States. The primary source of …

Because stereotyping affects individual assessments of ability and because of socializing
experiences in the law, we argue that women and judges of color, while well-credentialed …

The US Courts of Appeals were once admired for their wealth of judicial attention and for
their generosity in distributing it. 1 At least by legend, almost all cases were afforded what …

Crucial to understanding the behavior of judges and the outputs of courts is the institutional
context in which they operate. One key component of courts' institutional structure is that the …

Scholars have observed that federal circuit judges' voting behavior can be influenced by
even a single colleague on a three-judge panel. I explore whether such forces extend …

While panel effects—instances in which panel composition affects the votes cast by judges—
have been widely documented, scholars are unsure why these patterns persist. We outline …

With the rapid development of computer networking technology, people pay more and more
attention to the role of online reviews in management decision making. The existing …

Scholars of law, economics, and political science argue that collegiality matters.
Considerable panel effects exist across jurisdictions, and judges compose panels …