The T lymphocyte, especially its capacity for antigen-directed cytotoxicity, has become a
central focus for engaging the immune system in the fight against cancer. Basic science …

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide help to B cells, supporting the formation of germinal
centres that allow affinity maturation of antibody responses. Although usually located in …

Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles
in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T …

The mechanism of action of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) remains
surprisingly unclear. Regulatory T (Treg) cells can use CTLA-4 to elicit suppression; …

The T cell protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) was identified as a crucial
negative regulator of the immune system over 15 years ago, but its mechanisms of action …

Both the CTLA-4 pathway and regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for the control of
immune homeostasis. Their therapeutic relevance is highlighted by the increasing use of …

Pathways in the B7: CD28 family of costimulatory molecules regulate T cell activation and
tolerance. B7-dependent responses in Cd28−/− Ctla4−/− T cells together with reports of …

Abstract The B7-1/B7-2–CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is crucial in regulating T-cell activation and
tolerance. New B7 and CD28 molecules have recently been discovered and new pathways …

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a critical negative regulator of
immune responses. Uniquely among known inhibitory receptors, its genetic ablation results …

T‐cell activation is mediated by antigen‐specific signals from the TCRζ/CD3 and CD4–CD8–
p56lck complexes in combination with additional co‐signals provided by coreceptors such …