Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the
cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and …

Emotion is often understood in terms of a circumscribed set of cortical and subcortical brain
regions. I propose, instead, that emotion should be understood in terms of large-scale …

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) is widely used for the brain neurological
disease diagnosis, which could reflect the variations of brain. However, due to the local …

Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited
reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We …

Emotions are valenced mental responses and associated physiological reactions that occur
spontaneously and automatically in response to internal or external stimuli, and can …

The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear
conditioning, a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later …

We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These …

Brain-wide circuits that coordinate affective and social behaviours intersect in the amygdala.
Consequently, amygdala lesions cause a heterogeneous array of social and non-social …

Research on avoidance conditioning began in the late 1930s as a way to use laboratory
experiments to better understand uncontrollable fear and anxiety. Avoidance was initially …

I propose a reconceptualization of key phenomena important in the study of emotion—those
phenomena that reflect functions and circuits related to survival, and that are shared by …