Summary Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) is a tissue‐derived nuclear cytokine from the IL‐1 family
abundantly expressed in endothelial cells, epithelial cells and fibroblast‐like cells, both …

The epithelial cell–derived cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25
are central regulators of type 2 immunity, which drives a broad array of allergic responses …

Accumulating evidence indicates that gut microorganisms have a pathogenic role in
autoimmune diseases, including in multiple sclerosis. Studies of experimental autoimmune …

Mast cells have existed long before the development of adaptive immunity, although they
have been given different names. Thus, in the marine urochordate Styela plicata, they have …

Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the
extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the …

Recent advances have contributed to a mechanistic understanding of neuroimmune
interactions in the intestine and revealed an essential role of this cross talk for gut …

Helminths, allergens, and certain protists induce type 2 immune responses, but the
underlying mechanisms of immune activation remain poorly understood. In the small …

Approximately 5–10% of asthmatic patients worldwide suffer from severe asthma.
Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that IL-13 is an important cytokine in …

Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in barrier sites, acting via the suppression of
tumorigenicity 2 receptor (ST2). IL-33/ST2 axis has long been known to play a pivotal role in …

Mast cell (MC) mediator release after crosslinking of surface-bound IgE antibody by ingested
antigen underlies food allergy. However, IgE antibodies are not uniformly associated with …