Redox reactions play important roles in almost all biological processes, including
photosynthesis and respiration, which are two essential energy processes that sustain all life …

Energy conversion of sunlight by photosynthetic organisms has changed Earth and life on it.
Photosynthesis arose early in Earth's history, and the earliest forms of photosynthetic life …

Iron is a ubiquitous element in the universe. Ferrous iron (Fe (II)) was abundant in the
primordial ocean until the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere led to its widespread …

All cell membranes are composed of glycerol phosphate phospholipids, and this
commonality argues for the presence of such phospholipids in the last common ancestor, or …

An inventory of unique local protein folds around Fe–S clusters has been derived from the
analysis of protein structure databases. Nearly 50 such folds have been identified, and over …

Living cells are able to harvest energy by coupling exergonic electron transfer between
reducing and oxidising substrates to the generation of chemiosmotic potential. Whereas a …

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the stable transfer of genetic material from one organism to
another without reproduction or human intervention. Transfer occurs by the passage of …

Aspects of the crystal structures of the hetero-oligomeric cytochrome bc1 and b6f (“bc”)
complexes relevant to their electron/proton transfer function and the associated redox …

Over the past two decades, prominent importance of molybdenum-containing enzymes in
prokaryotes has been put forward by studies originating from different fields. Proteomic or …

Evolutionary histories of enzymes involved in chemiosmotic energy conversion indicate that
a strongly oxidizing substrate was available to the last universal common ancestor before …