Inflammation is a complex and potentially life-threatening condition that involves the
participation of a variety of chemical mediators, signaling pathways, and cell types. The …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic and progressive disease characterized
by a persistent elevation of pulmonary artery pressure accompanied by right ventricular …

Acute lung injury (ALI) is well defined in humans, but there is no agreement as to the main
features of acute lung injury in animal models. A Committee was organized to determine the …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of respiratory failure, with
limited effective treatments available. Alveolar macrophages participate in the pathogenesis …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with significant mortality, which increases further
when combined with acute lung injury. Experiments in rodents have shown that kidney …

Background Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) increases lung endothelial permeability.
Lung endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generation contributed to this increased permeability in …

Background It is well known that ventilation with high volume or pressure may damage
healthy lungs or worsen injured lungs. Melatonin has been reported to be effective in animal …

Activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through direct activation of nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors on immune cells can inhibit pro-inflammatory chemokine and …

FORMATION of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema has been observed after a variety of
inciting events, including upper airway obstruction (negative pressure pulmonary edema …

Background: Clinical studies have shown that injurious mechanical ventilation is associated
with increased airspace and plasma levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β); however, the potential …