Morphological modularity arises in complex living beings due to a semi‐independent
inheritance, development, and function of body parts. Modularity helps us to understand the …

Quantifying integration and modularity of evolutionary changes in morphometric traits is
crucial for understanding how organismal shapes evolve. For this purpose, comparative …

Brains are not preserved in the fossil record but endocranial casts are. These are casts of
the internal bony braincase, revealing approximate brain size and shape, and they are also …

The globular braincase of modern humans is distinct from all fossil human species, including
our closest extinct relatives, the Neandertals. Such adult shape differences must ultimately …

Understanding variation in the basicranium is of central importance to paleoanthropology
because of its fundamental structural role in skull development and evolution. Among …

The increase of brain size relative to body size—encephalization—is intimately linked with
human evolution. However, two genetically different evolutionary lineages, Neanderthals …

It has long been unclear whether the different derived cranial traits of modern humans
evolved independently in response to separate selection pressures or whether they resulted …

Objectives The human respiratory apparatus is characterized by sexual dimorphism, the
cranial airways of males being larger (both absolutely and relatively) than those of females …

The difficulties in quantifying the 3D form and spatial relationships of the skeletal
components of the ribcage present a barrier to studies of the growth of the thoracic skeleton …

Sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial system is an important feature of intraspecific
variation in recent and fossil humans. Although several studies have reported different …