Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) acting as the
first line of defense in the brain by phagocytosing harmful pathogens and cellular debris …

Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central
nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder seen,
especially in the elderly. Tremor, shaking, movement problems, and difficulty with balance …

A large body of experimental evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key
pathological event triggering and perpetuating the neurodegenerative process associated …

Reactive astrocytes are strongly induced by central nervous system (CNS) injury and
disease, but their role is poorly understood. Here we show that a subtype of reactive …

The number of bacterial cells living within the human body is approximately equal to, or
greater than, the total number of human cells. This dynamic population of microorganisms …

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that features the death of retinal ganglion cells
(RGCs) in the retina, often as a result of prolonged increases in intraocular pressure. We …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized
neuropathologically by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, intracellular …

The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found …

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous
system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are …