Noise introduced in the human nervous system from cellular to systems levels can have a
major impact on signal processing. Using transcranial stimulation, electrical noise can be …

The present review considers all papers published on the topic up to the end of the year
2022. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to
numerous impairments in motor function that compromise the ability to perform activities of …

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS) enhances motor skill acquisition
and motor learning in young and old adults. Since the cerebellum is involved in the …

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1)
can increase cortical excitability, entrain neuronal firing patterns, and increase motor skill …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is widely used to explore the role of various cortical
regions involved in a multitude of motor and cognitive processes. Recently, tES has been …

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the primary motor cortex (M1)
improves motor learning in relatively simple motor tasks performed with the hand and arm …

Transcranial direct current stimulation of the cerebellum (c-tDCS) improves motor
performance in young and old adults. Based on the cerebellar involvement in Parkinson's …

Cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) is an inhibitory output from the cerebellum to the primary
motor cortex, which is decreased in early motor learning. Transcranial random noise …

Sports trainers have recently shown increasing interest in innovative methods, including
transcranial electric stimulation, to enhance motor performance and boost the acquisition of …