Astrocytes play important roles in numerous central nervous system disorders including
autoimmune inflammatory, hypoxic, and degenerative diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis …

Background The insulin-like growth factor family of ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin),
receptors (IGF-IR, M6P/IGF-IIR, and insulin receptor [IR]), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 …

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) bind specifically to the IGF1 receptor on the cell surface of
targeted tissues. Ligand binding to the α subunit of the receptor leads to a conformational …

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play important roles in mammalian growth, development,
aging, and diseases. Aberrant IGFs signaling may lead to malignant transformation and …

IGF-1 is a potent mitogen of major importance in the mammary gland. IGF-1 binding to the
cognate receptor, IGF-1R, triggers a signaling cascade leading to proliferative and anti …

Central and peripheral insulin-like peptides (ILPs), which include insulin, insulin-like growth
factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF2, exert many effects in the brain. Through their actions on brain …

The insulin like growth factor (IGF) axis plays a fundamental role in normal growth and
development, and when deregulated makes an important contribution to disease. Here, we …

The signalling pathways utilised by insulin receptor (IR) and IGF receptor to transduce their
diverse effects on cellular metabolism, growth and survival are well established in broad …

The eukaryotic cell is organized into membrane-covered compartments that are
characterized by specific sets of proteins and biochemically distinct cellular processes. The …

Despite a strong preclinical rationale for targeting the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in
cancer, clinical studies of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)-targeted monotherapies have been …