Directed evolution aims to expedite the natural evolution process of biological molecules
and systems in a test tube through iterative rounds of gene diversifications and library …

Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to
genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical …

Cellular processes are carried out by many genes, and their study and optimization requires
multiple levers by which they can be independently controlled. The most common method is …

Novel and improved biocatalysts are increasingly sourced from libraries via experimental
screening. The success of such campaigns is crucially dependent on the number of …

Directed evolution has proved to be an effective strategy for improving or altering the activity
of biomolecules for industrial, research and therapeutic applications. The evolution of …

Cells navigate environments, communicate and build complex patterns by initiating gene
expression in response to specific signals. Engineers seek to harness this capability to …

Directed evolution is a powerful approach for engineering biomolecules and understanding
adaptation. However, experimental strategies for directed evolution are notoriously labor …

Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (Uaas) in living cells relies on
engineered aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase–tRNA pairs borrowed from a distant domain …

The microbial community that lives on and in the human body exerts a major impact on
human health, from metabolism to immunity. In order to leverage the close associations …

Photodissociation mass spectrometry combines the ability to activate and fragment ions
using photons with the sensitive detection of the resulting product ions by mass …